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India Labour Observatory

India Labour ObservatoryData & Methods PLFS 2025Conditions of employment

Conditions of employment

Written contracts, paid leave and social security, for regular employees and casual labourers.

5 tables, from the records of the Periodic Labour Force Survey, January to December 2025, each cell with its standard error.

Table 6.1Regular wage employees by type of job contract

Regular wage or salaried employees in non-agriculture (NIC 05-99), usual status. per cent.

MenWomenEveryone All India. PLFS 2025, computed by the observatory from MoSPI's unit-level records.

every table, unrounded

	All India			Rural			Urban
	Men	Women	Everyone	Men	Women	Everyone	Men	Women	Everyone
No written contract	58.50.4	57.20.6	58.20.4	62.60.6	55.00.9	60.70.5	55.40.6	58.60.7	56.30.6
Written, for a year or less	8.00.2	8.00.3	8.00.2	7.00.3	6.70.4	6.90.3	8.70.4	8.80.5	8.70.3
Written, for one to three years	6.00.2	6.20.3	6.00.2	5.30.3	5.20.4	5.30.3	6.50.2	6.90.4	6.60.2
Written, for more than three years	27.60.4	28.50.5	27.80.4	25.10.5	33.10.8	27.10.5	29.40.5	25.70.6	28.40.5

Table 6.2Regular wage employees by social security benefits

Regular wage or salaried employees in non-agriculture (NIC 05-99), usual status. per cent.

MenWomenEveryone All India. PLFS 2025, computed by the observatory from MoSPI's unit-level records.

every table, unrounded

	All India			Rural			Urban
	Men	Women	Everyone	Men	Women	Everyone	Men	Women	Everyone
PF or pension only	10.30.3	7.80.3	9.70.2	9.20.3	7.10.4	8.70.3	11.10.4	8.20.4	10.30.4
Gratuity only	0.20.0	0.30.0	0.20.0	0.30.0	0.50.1	0.30.0	0.20.0	0.10.0	0.20.0
Health care or maternity only	0.80.1	1.50.1	1.00.1	0.70.1	2.40.2	1.10.1	0.80.1	1.00.1	0.90.1
PF or pension and gratuity	5.00.2	3.70.2	4.60.1	4.70.2	3.80.3	4.50.2	5.20.2	3.60.3	4.70.2
PF or pension and health care	12.00.3	10.90.4	11.70.3	10.20.4	8.20.5	9.70.4	13.30.4	12.70.5	13.10.4
Gratuity and health care	0.60.1	0.90.1	0.70.1	0.60.1	1.20.2	0.70.1	0.60.1	0.60.1	0.60.1
All three	17.30.3	17.00.4	17.20.3	14.20.4	14.50.6	14.30.4	19.70.5	18.50.5	19.40.4
None of them	50.50.4	55.20.5	51.70.4	56.80.6	59.10.9	57.30.5	45.80.5	52.70.7	47.70.5
Not known	3.40.1	2.80.2	3.20.1	3.40.2	3.10.3	3.40.2	3.30.2	2.50.2	3.10.2

Table 6.3Regular wage employees in non-agriculture (NIC 05-99): the terms they work on

Regular wage employees in non-agriculture (nic 05-99), usual status. per cent. Each share is of all such workers; the shares of contract, leave and social security are those of the Annual Reports' Statement 9.

MenWomenEveryone All India. PLFS 2025, computed by the observatory from MoSPI's unit-level records.

every table, unrounded

	All India			Rural			Urban
	Men	Women	Everyone	Men	Women	Everyone	Men	Women	Everyone
No written job contract	58.50.4	57.20.6	58.20.4	62.60.6	55.00.9	60.70.5	55.40.6	58.60.7	56.30.6
Not eligible for paid leave	47.90.4	45.90.6	47.30.4	53.80.6	46.51.0	52.00.6	43.40.6	45.50.7	44.00.5
Not eligible for any social security benefit	50.50.4	55.20.5	51.70.4	56.80.6	59.10.9	57.30.5	45.80.5	52.70.7	47.70.5
None of the three	37.20.4	36.20.5	36.90.4	42.80.5	35.20.9	40.90.5	33.10.5	36.80.7	34.10.5

Table 6.4Casual labourers: the terms they work on

Casual labourers, usual status. per cent.

MenWomenEveryone All India. PLFS 2025, computed by the observatory from MoSPI's unit-level records.

every table, unrounded

	All India			Rural			Urban
	Men	Women	Everyone	Men	Women	Everyone	Men	Women	Everyone
No written job contract	100.00.0	100.00.0	100.00.0	100.00.0	100.00.0	100.00.0	100.00.0	100.00.0	100.00.0
Not eligible for paid leave	99.50.1	99.60.1	99.60.0	99.60.1	99.60.1	99.60.0	99.30.1	99.20.3	99.30.1
Not eligible for any social security benefit	93.60.3	94.60.4	93.90.3	93.60.4	94.60.4	93.90.4	93.60.4	94.50.8	93.80.4
None of the three	93.30.3	94.20.4	93.50.3	93.30.4	94.30.4	93.60.4	93.10.4	93.70.9	93.20.5

Table 6.5Regular wage employees by type of employer

Regular wage or salaried employees, all industries, usual status. per cent.

MenWomenEveryone All India. PLFS 2025, computed by the observatory from MoSPI's unit-level records.

every table, unrounded

	All India			Rural			Urban
	Men	Women	Everyone	Men	Women	Everyone	Men	Women	Everyone
Proprietary, male	42.30.4	22.10.4	37.00.3	48.50.6	23.30.7	42.30.5	37.60.5	21.30.5	33.10.4
Proprietary, female	0.10.0	4.00.2	1.20.1	0.10.0	4.10.3	1.10.1	0.20.0	3.90.2	1.20.1
Partnership	1.30.1	1.20.1	1.20.1	1.00.1	1.00.2	1.00.1	1.50.2	1.40.2	1.40.1
Government or local body	17.50.2	27.20.4	20.10.2	18.90.4	39.20.9	24.00.4	16.40.3	19.20.4	17.10.3
Public sector enterprise	2.00.1	1.20.1	1.80.1	1.70.1	0.80.1	1.50.1	2.30.1	1.50.1	2.10.1
Autonomous body	0.30.0	0.80.1	0.40.0	0.30.1	0.70.2	0.40.1	0.30.0	0.80.1	0.50.0
Public or private limited company	30.70.4	21.90.6	28.40.4	23.90.6	16.71.0	22.10.6	35.90.5	25.40.7	33.00.5
Co-operative society	0.80.1	1.00.1	0.80.0	1.00.1	0.90.1	1.00.1	0.60.1	1.00.1	0.70.0
Trust or other non-profit	2.20.1	5.50.2	3.00.1	2.40.1	5.10.3	3.10.1	2.00.1	5.70.3	3.00.1
Employer's household	2.00.1	13.90.4	5.10.1	1.50.1	7.50.5	3.00.2	2.40.1	18.20.6	6.70.2
Others or not known	0.80.1	1.10.1	0.90.1	0.70.1	0.60.1	0.60.1	0.90.1	1.50.2	1.10.1

Computed by the India Labour Observatory from MoSPI's unit-level records of the Periodic Labour Force Survey, January to December 2025; Release 2026.10.