Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) — National Labour Data Bank & Statistical Compendium
Comprehensive tabular microdata analysis covering all 48 analytical dimensions of Indian employment, participation, earnings distributions, and demographic structures with survey-design weights.
1. Headline Indicators
Table 1.1: Key Indicators by Sex (PS+SS, All India, 15+, Rural+Urban)
| Year | Person_LFPR | Male_LFPR | Female_LFPR | Person_WPR | Male_WPR | Female_WPR | Person_UR | Male_UR | Female_UR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2024-25 | 59.3 | 79.1 | 40.0 | 57.4 | 76.6 | 38.8 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.1 |
Table 1.2: Key Indicators by Sex (PS+SS, Rural, 15+)
| Year | Person_LFPR | Male_LFPR | Female_LFPR | Person_WPR | Male_WPR | Female_WPR | Person_UR | Male_UR | Female_UR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2024-25 | 62.8 | 80.5 | 45.9 | 61.2 | 78.4 | 44.9 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 2.1 |
Table 1.3: Key Indicators by Sex (PS+SS, Urban, 15+)
| Year | Person_LFPR | Male_LFPR | Female_LFPR | Person_WPR | Male_WPR | Female_WPR | Person_UR | Male_UR | Female_UR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2024-25 | 52.2 | 76.2 | 27.7 | 49.7 | 73.0 | 25.9 | 4.8 | 4.2 | 6.4 |
Table 1.4: Gender Gap (Male − Female) in Key Indicators (PS+SS, 15+)
| Year | Gap_LFPR | Gap_WPR | Gap_UR |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024-25 | 39.1 | 37.8 | 0.0 |
Table 1.5: PS+SS vs CWS Comparison (Person, All India, 15+)
| Year | PS+SS_Person_LFPR | CWS_Person_LFPR | PS+SS_Person_WPR | CWS_Person_WPR | PS+SS_Person_UR | CWS_Person_UR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2024-25 | 59.3 | 55.7 | 57.4 | 52.8 | 3.1 | 5.3 |
2025 CWS values in this table are sourced from official MoSPI annual-release/API benchmarks because the revamped 2025 rotational-panel estimation is not fully recoverable from first-visit microdata alone.
2. Sector-wise Analysis
Table 2.1: LFPR by Sex × Sector (PS+SS, 15+, 2024-25)
| sector_label | Person_LFPR | Male_LFPR | Female_LFPR |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rural | 62.8 | 80.5 | 45.9 |
| Urban | 52.2 | 76.2 | 27.7 |
Table 2.2: WPR by Sex × Sector (PS+SS, 15+, 2024-25)
| sector_label | Person_WPR | Male_WPR | Female_WPR |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rural | 61.2 | 78.4 | 44.9 |
| Urban | 49.7 | 73.0 | 25.9 |
Table 2.3: UR by Sex × Sector (PS+SS, 15+, 2024-25)
| sector_label | Person_UR | Male_UR | Female_UR |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rural | 2.4 | 2.6 | 2.1 |
| Urban | 4.8 | 4.2 | 6.4 |
3. Education-wise Analysis
Table 3.1: LFPR by Education × Sex (PS+SS, Combined, 15+, 2024-25)
| education_label | Person_LFPR | Male_LFPR | Female_LFPR |
|---|---|---|---|
| Not literate | 57.2 | 78.3 | 46.9 |
| Literate w/o formal (EGS) | 58.9 | 82.9 | 40.6 |
| Literate w/o formal (TLC) | 44.7 | 58.1 | 23.5 |
| Literate w/o formal (Others) | 62.6 | 75.9 | 52.9 |
| Below primary | 68.5 | 85.8 | 52.7 |
| Primary | 67.1 | 88.4 | 45.9 |
| Middle | 60.6 | 80.3 | 36.9 |
| Secondary | 49.9 | 68.4 | 27.2 |
| Higher secondary | 49.5 | 69.1 | 26.2 |
| Diploma/Certificate | 78.6 | 88.2 | 51.9 |
| Graduate | 66.2 | 86.9 | 39.2 |
| Postgraduate & above | 70.7 | 88.6 | 51.6 |
Table 3.2: WPR by Education × Sex (PS+SS, Combined, 15+, 2024-25)
| education_label | Person_WPR | Male_WPR | Female_WPR |
|---|---|---|---|
| Not literate | 57.0 | 78.0 | 46.9 |
| Literate w/o formal (EGS) | 58.7 | 82.4 | 40.6 |
| Literate w/o formal (TLC) | 44.7 | 58.1 | 23.5 |
| Literate w/o formal (Others) | 61.6 | 73.7 | 52.9 |
| Below primary | 68.2 | 85.3 | 52.6 |
| Primary | 66.6 | 87.6 | 45.7 |
| Middle | 59.6 | 78.7 | 36.6 |
| Secondary | 48.9 | 66.8 | 26.8 |
| Higher secondary | 47.2 | 65.9 | 24.9 |
| Diploma/Certificate | 73.2 | 82.7 | 46.6 |
| Graduate | 58.8 | 79.1 | 32.4 |
| Postgraduate & above | 63.6 | 83.1 | 42.9 |
Table 3.3: UR by Education × Sex (PS+SS, Combined, 15+, 2024-25)
| education_label | Person_UR | Male_UR | Female_UR |
|---|---|---|---|
| Not literate | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.2 |
| Literate w/o formal (EGS) | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.0 |
| Literate w/o formal (TLC) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Literate w/o formal (Others) | 1.5 | 2.9 | 0.0 |
| Below primary | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.1 |
| Primary | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.3 |
| Middle | 1.6 | 1.9 | 0.8 |
| Secondary | 2.1 | 2.3 | 1.4 |
| Higher secondary | 4.7 | 4.6 | 5.0 |
| Diploma/Certificate | 6.9 | 6.2 | 10.2 |
| Graduate | 11.2 | 9.0 | 17.4 |
| Postgraduate & above | 10.0 | 6.2 | 16.8 |
Table 3.4: LFPR by Education × Sex (PS+SS, Rural, 15+, 2024-25)
| education_label | Person_LFPR | Male_LFPR | Female_LFPR |
|---|---|---|---|
| Not literate | 60.3 | 78.9 | 51.3 |
| Literate w/o formal (EGS) | 61.8 | 82.9 | 44.2 |
| Literate w/o formal (TLC) | 59.9 | 80.1 | 28.3 |
| Literate w/o formal (Others) | 73.9 | 79.6 | 68.5 |
| Below primary | 72.7 | 87.0 | 59.5 |
| Primary | 71.4 | 89.6 | 53.0 |
| Middle | 63.9 | 81.3 | 42.4 |
| Secondary | 53.6 | 70.1 | 33.0 |
| Higher secondary | 54.2 | 72.3 | 31.8 |
| Diploma/Certificate | 81.4 | 90.1 | 55.7 |
| Graduate | 70.5 | 90.6 | 42.7 |
| Postgraduate & above | 77.6 | 92.8 | 58.6 |
Table 3.5: WPR by Education × Sex (PS+SS, Rural, 15+, 2024-25)
| education_label | Person_WPR | Male_WPR | Female_WPR |
|---|---|---|---|
| Not literate | 60.2 | 78.6 | 51.2 |
| Literate w/o formal (EGS) | 61.7 | 82.7 | 44.2 |
| Literate w/o formal (TLC) | 59.9 | 80.1 | 28.3 |
| Literate w/o formal (Others) | 72.5 | 76.7 | 68.5 |
| Below primary | 72.6 | 86.7 | 59.4 |
| Primary | 71.0 | 88.8 | 52.9 |
| Middle | 62.9 | 79.8 | 42.2 |
| Secondary | 52.7 | 68.7 | 32.7 |
| Higher secondary | 51.7 | 69.0 | 30.4 |
| Diploma/Certificate | 75.3 | 84.2 | 49.3 |
| Graduate | 62.2 | 82.1 | 34.5 |
| Postgraduate & above | 68.8 | 87.0 | 46.0 |
Table 3.6: UR by Education × Sex (PS+SS, Rural, 15+, 2024-25)
| education_label | Person_UR | Male_UR | Female_UR |
|---|---|---|---|
| Not literate | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.1 |
| Literate w/o formal (EGS) | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.0 |
| Literate w/o formal (TLC) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Literate w/o formal (Others) | 1.9 | 3.7 | 0.0 |
| Below primary | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 |
| Primary | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.2 |
| Middle | 1.5 | 1.8 | 0.5 |
| Secondary | 1.8 | 2.0 | 1.1 |
| Higher secondary | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 |
| Diploma/Certificate | 7.5 | 6.6 | 11.5 |
| Graduate | 11.8 | 9.3 | 19.2 |
| Postgraduate & above | 11.3 | 6.3 | 21.4 |
Table 3.7: LFPR by Education × Sex (PS+SS, Urban, 15+, 2024-25)
| education_label | Person_LFPR | Male_LFPR | Female_LFPR |
|---|---|---|---|
| Not literate | 43.1 | 75.7 | 28.4 |
| Literate w/o formal (EGS) | 51.0 | 82.8 | 32.1 |
| Literate w/o formal (TLC) | 6.1 | 3.2 | 10.8 |
| Literate w/o formal (Others) | 40.1 | 63.8 | 30.4 |
| Below primary | 55.8 | 82.2 | 33.1 |
| Primary | 56.3 | 85.4 | 28.6 |
| Middle | 52.7 | 77.8 | 24.0 |
| Secondary | 43.5 | 65.3 | 17.4 |
| Higher secondary | 42.0 | 63.7 | 17.7 |
| Diploma/Certificate | 75.4 | 85.9 | 48.0 |
| Graduate | 62.6 | 83.8 | 36.4 |
| Postgraduate & above | 67.0 | 86.1 | 48.3 |
Table 3.8: WPR by Education × Sex (PS+SS, Urban, 15+, 2024-25)
| education_label | Person_WPR | Male_WPR | Female_WPR |
|---|---|---|---|
| Not literate | 42.8 | 75.0 | 28.2 |
| Literate w/o formal (EGS) | 50.5 | 81.5 | 32.1 |
| Literate w/o formal (TLC) | 6.1 | 3.2 | 10.8 |
| Literate w/o formal (Others) | 40.1 | 63.8 | 30.4 |
| Below primary | 55.3 | 81.1 | 33.1 |
| Primary | 55.7 | 84.4 | 28.4 |
| Middle | 51.5 | 76.0 | 23.5 |
| Secondary | 42.3 | 63.5 | 17.0 |
| Higher secondary | 39.9 | 60.7 | 16.6 |
| Diploma/Certificate | 70.8 | 81.1 | 43.9 |
| Graduate | 56.0 | 76.4 | 30.7 |
| Postgraduate & above | 60.9 | 80.8 | 41.4 |
Table 3.9: UR by Education × Sex (PS+SS, Urban, 15+, 2024-25)
| education_label | Person_UR | Male_UR | Female_UR |
|---|---|---|---|
| Not literate | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.5 |
| Literate w/o formal (EGS) | 0.9 | 1.5 | 0.0 |
| Literate w/o formal (TLC) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Literate w/o formal (Others) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Below primary | 1.0 | 1.4 | 0.1 |
| Primary | 1.1 | 1.2 | 0.9 |
| Middle | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.0 |
| Secondary | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.5 |
| Higher secondary | 4.9 | 4.6 | 6.1 |
| Diploma/Certificate | 6.1 | 5.6 | 8.5 |
| Graduate | 10.6 | 8.8 | 15.7 |
| Postgraduate & above | 9.2 | 6.2 | 14.2 |
4. State-wise Analysis
Table 4.1: LFPR by State (PS+SS, Combined, 15+, 2024-25)
| state_name | Person_LFPR | Male_LFPR | Female_LFPR |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sikkim | 74.7 | 81.3 | 66.7 |
| Himachal Pradesh | 73.2 | 82.5 | 64.7 |
| Meghalaya | 72.3 | 80.6 | 64.3 |
| Nagaland | 72.1 | 79.7 | 64.5 |
| Chhattisgarh | 71.6 | 83.5 | 59.8 |
| Arunachal Pradesh | 71.3 | 80.5 | 61.7 |
| Andaman & Nicobar Islands | 67.2 | 84.0 | 50.3 |
| Ladakh | 66.2 | 70.9 | 61.0 |
| Daman & Diu | 66.0 | 85.3 | 38.3 |
| Gujarat | 65.2 | 83.4 | 46.2 |
| Madhya Pradesh | 65.1 | 83.5 | 46.1 |
| Jammu & Kashmir | 65.0 | 76.3 | 53.1 |
| Rajasthan | 64.5 | 77.0 | 52.3 |
| Odisha | 63.2 | 80.6 | 47.3 |
| Manipur | 63.1 | 74.1 | 52.6 |
| Tamil Nadu | 62.3 | 78.3 | 47.3 |
| Tripura | 62.1 | 78.9 | 46.3 |
| Assam | 61.9 | 81.7 | 42.8 |
| Telangana | 61.4 | 77.1 | 46.4 |
| Andhra Pradesh | 60.9 | 78.3 | 44.8 |
| Jharkhand | 59.8 | 77.0 | 43.7 |
| West Bengal | 59.5 | 82.5 | 37.9 |
| Maharashtra | 59.5 | 78.4 | 39.9 |
| Karnataka | 59.4 | 79.4 | 39.8 |
| Kerala | 57.4 | 75.8 | 41.2 |
| Uttarakhand | 56.3 | 75.5 | 37.8 |
| Chandigarh | 56.1 | 74.8 | 35.6 |
| Punjab | 55.2 | 79.2 | 30.2 |
| Uttar Pradesh | 55.2 | 78.9 | 32.4 |
| Mizoram | 53.9 | 67.8 | 38.0 |
| Puducherry | 51.8 | 72.7 | 32.7 |
| Goa | 51.2 | 73.4 | 27.4 |
| Haryana | 50.4 | 75.0 | 23.8 |
| Bihar | 49.3 | 75.6 | 24.8 |
| Lakshadweep | 46.3 | 76.1 | 21.9 |
| Delhi | 44.2 | 71.5 | 13.1 |
Table 4.2: WPR by State (PS+SS, Combined, 15+, 2024-25)
| state_name | Person_WPR | Male_WPR | Female_WPR |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sikkim | 72.3 | 78.8 | 64.5 |
| Chhattisgarh | 70.0 | 81.5 | 58.5 |
| Himachal Pradesh | 69.9 | 78.3 | 62.2 |
| Meghalaya | 68.9 | 78.0 | 60.0 |
| Nagaland | 67.3 | 75.5 | 59.1 |
| Arunachal Pradesh | 66.6 | 75.7 | 57.1 |
| Daman & Diu | 64.9 | 83.7 | 38.1 |
| Gujarat | 64.6 | 82.5 | 45.9 |
| Madhya Pradesh | 64.1 | 82.1 | 45.6 |
| Ladakh | 63.5 | 67.9 | 58.8 |
| Jammu & Kashmir | 61.7 | 73.3 | 49.6 |
| Rajasthan | 61.7 | 73.8 | 49.9 |
| Odisha | 61.3 | 77.9 | 46.2 |
| Andaman & Nicobar Islands | 60.5 | 78.7 | 42.0 |
| Tripura | 60.4 | 77.9 | 44.1 |
| Tamil Nadu | 60.2 | 75.8 | 45.6 |
| Manipur | 59.8 | 71.3 | 49.0 |
| Assam | 59.6 | 79.0 | 40.9 |
| Andhra Pradesh | 58.3 | 74.9 | 43.0 |
| Telangana | 58.3 | 73.2 | 44.1 |
| Jharkhand | 58.2 | 74.5 | 42.9 |
| Maharashtra | 58.0 | 76.4 | 39.1 |
| Karnataka | 58.0 | 77.6 | 38.8 |
| West Bengal | 57.8 | 80.3 | 36.8 |
| Kerala | 54.9 | 73.5 | 38.6 |
| Uttar Pradesh | 53.7 | 76.6 | 31.7 |
| Uttarakhand | 53.4 | 71.4 | 36.0 |
| Chandigarh | 52.9 | 73.2 | 30.6 |
| Mizoram | 52.6 | 66.1 | 37.2 |
| Punjab | 52.3 | 75.6 | 28.0 |
| Puducherry | 49.0 | 69.7 | 30.1 |
| Haryana | 48.1 | 71.5 | 22.8 |
| Bihar | 47.4 | 72.6 | 24.0 |
| Goa | 46.9 | 67.1 | 25.4 |
| Lakshadweep | 43.1 | 71.9 | 19.6 |
| Delhi | 41.6 | 67.4 | 12.2 |
Table 4.3: UR by State (PS+SS, Combined, 15+, 2024-25)
| state_name | Person_UR | Male_UR | Female_UR |
|---|---|---|---|
| Andaman & Nicobar Islands | 10.0 | 6.2 | 16.4 |
| Goa | 8.3 | 8.6 | 7.3 |
| Lakshadweep | 6.9 | 5.6 | 10.5 |
| Nagaland | 6.7 | 5.3 | 8.4 |
| Arunachal Pradesh | 6.6 | 6.0 | 7.4 |
| Delhi | 5.9 | 5.7 | 7.4 |
| Chandigarh | 5.7 | 2.0 | 14.2 |
| Puducherry | 5.4 | 4.2 | 7.9 |
| Punjab | 5.3 | 4.6 | 7.3 |
| Manipur | 5.2 | 3.8 | 6.9 |
| Uttarakhand | 5.1 | 5.4 | 4.7 |
| Telangana | 5.0 | 5.1 | 4.8 |
| Jammu & Kashmir | 4.9 | 3.9 | 6.5 |
| Meghalaya | 4.8 | 3.2 | 6.6 |
| Haryana | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.0 |
| Himachal Pradesh | 4.5 | 5.0 | 4.0 |
| Kerala | 4.4 | 3.1 | 6.4 |
| Rajasthan | 4.3 | 4.2 | 4.6 |
| Andhra Pradesh | 4.2 | 4.3 | 4.0 |
| Ladakh | 4.0 | 4.3 | 3.7 |
| Bihar | 3.8 | 4.0 | 3.0 |
| Assam | 3.7 | 3.4 | 4.3 |
| Tamil Nadu | 3.4 | 3.2 | 3.6 |
| Sikkim | 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.4 |
| Odisha | 2.9 | 3.3 | 2.4 |
| West Bengal | 2.8 | 2.7 | 3.1 |
| Uttar Pradesh | 2.7 | 2.9 | 2.1 |
| Jharkhand | 2.7 | 3.2 | 1.7 |
| Tripura | 2.7 | 1.4 | 4.8 |
| Maharashtra | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.1 |
| Mizoram | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.1 |
| Chhattisgarh | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.2 |
| Karnataka | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.3 |
| Daman & Diu | 1.6 | 1.9 | 0.7 |
| Madhya Pradesh | 1.5 | 1.7 | 1.1 |
| Gujarat | 0.9 | 1.1 | 0.7 |
Table 4.4: LFPR by State × Sex (PS+SS, 15+, 2024-25)
| state_name | Person_LFPR | Male_LFPR | Female_LFPR |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sikkim | 74.7 | 81.3 | 66.7 |
| Himachal Pradesh | 73.2 | 82.5 | 64.7 |
| Meghalaya | 72.3 | 80.6 | 64.3 |
| Nagaland | 72.1 | 79.7 | 64.5 |
| Chhattisgarh | 71.6 | 83.5 | 59.8 |
| Arunachal Pradesh | 71.3 | 80.5 | 61.7 |
| Andaman & Nicobar Islands | 67.2 | 84.0 | 50.3 |
| Ladakh | 66.2 | 70.9 | 61.0 |
| Daman & Diu | 66.0 | 85.3 | 38.3 |
| Gujarat | 65.2 | 83.4 | 46.2 |
| Madhya Pradesh | 65.1 | 83.5 | 46.1 |
| Jammu & Kashmir | 65.0 | 76.3 | 53.1 |
| Rajasthan | 64.5 | 77.0 | 52.3 |
| Odisha | 63.2 | 80.6 | 47.3 |
| Manipur | 63.1 | 74.1 | 52.6 |
| Tamil Nadu | 62.3 | 78.3 | 47.3 |
| Tripura | 62.1 | 78.9 | 46.3 |
| Assam | 61.9 | 81.7 | 42.8 |
| Telangana | 61.4 | 77.1 | 46.4 |
| Andhra Pradesh | 60.9 | 78.3 | 44.8 |
| Jharkhand | 59.8 | 77.0 | 43.7 |
| West Bengal | 59.5 | 82.5 | 37.9 |
| Maharashtra | 59.5 | 78.4 | 39.9 |
| Karnataka | 59.4 | 79.4 | 39.8 |
| Kerala | 57.4 | 75.8 | 41.2 |
| Uttarakhand | 56.3 | 75.5 | 37.8 |
| Chandigarh | 56.1 | 74.8 | 35.6 |
| Punjab | 55.2 | 79.2 | 30.2 |
| Uttar Pradesh | 55.2 | 78.9 | 32.4 |
| Mizoram | 53.9 | 67.8 | 38.0 |
| Puducherry | 51.8 | 72.7 | 32.7 |
| Goa | 51.2 | 73.4 | 27.4 |
| Haryana | 50.4 | 75.0 | 23.8 |
| Bihar | 49.3 | 75.6 | 24.8 |
| Lakshadweep | 46.3 | 76.1 | 21.9 |
| Delhi | 44.2 | 71.5 | 13.1 |
Table 4.5: WPR by State × Sex (PS+SS, 15+, 2024-25)
| state_name | Person_WPR | Male_WPR | Female_WPR |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sikkim | 72.3 | 78.8 | 64.5 |
| Chhattisgarh | 70.0 | 81.5 | 58.5 |
| Himachal Pradesh | 69.9 | 78.3 | 62.2 |
| Meghalaya | 68.9 | 78.0 | 60.0 |
| Nagaland | 67.3 | 75.5 | 59.1 |
| Arunachal Pradesh | 66.6 | 75.7 | 57.1 |
| Daman & Diu | 64.9 | 83.7 | 38.1 |
| Gujarat | 64.6 | 82.5 | 45.9 |
| Madhya Pradesh | 64.1 | 82.1 | 45.6 |
| Ladakh | 63.5 | 67.9 | 58.8 |
| Jammu & Kashmir | 61.7 | 73.3 | 49.6 |
| Rajasthan | 61.7 | 73.8 | 49.9 |
| Odisha | 61.3 | 77.9 | 46.2 |
| Andaman & Nicobar Islands | 60.5 | 78.7 | 42.0 |
| Tripura | 60.4 | 77.9 | 44.1 |
| Tamil Nadu | 60.2 | 75.8 | 45.6 |
| Manipur | 59.8 | 71.3 | 49.0 |
| Assam | 59.6 | 79.0 | 40.9 |
| Andhra Pradesh | 58.3 | 74.9 | 43.0 |
| Telangana | 58.3 | 73.2 | 44.1 |
| Jharkhand | 58.2 | 74.5 | 42.9 |
| Maharashtra | 58.0 | 76.4 | 39.1 |
| Karnataka | 58.0 | 77.6 | 38.8 |
| West Bengal | 57.8 | 80.3 | 36.8 |
| Kerala | 54.9 | 73.5 | 38.6 |
| Uttar Pradesh | 53.7 | 76.6 | 31.7 |
| Uttarakhand | 53.4 | 71.4 | 36.0 |
| Chandigarh | 52.9 | 73.2 | 30.6 |
| Mizoram | 52.6 | 66.1 | 37.2 |
| Punjab | 52.3 | 75.6 | 28.0 |
| Puducherry | 49.0 | 69.7 | 30.1 |
| Haryana | 48.1 | 71.5 | 22.8 |
| Bihar | 47.4 | 72.6 | 24.0 |
| Goa | 46.9 | 67.1 | 25.4 |
| Lakshadweep | 43.1 | 71.9 | 19.6 |
| Delhi | 41.6 | 67.4 | 12.2 |
Table 4.6: UR by State × Sex (PS+SS, 15+, 2024-25)
| state_name | Person_UR | Male_UR | Female_UR |
|---|---|---|---|
| Andaman & Nicobar Islands | 10.0 | 6.2 | 16.4 |
| Goa | 8.3 | 8.6 | 7.3 |
| Lakshadweep | 6.9 | 5.6 | 10.5 |
| Nagaland | 6.7 | 5.3 | 8.4 |
| Arunachal Pradesh | 6.6 | 6.0 | 7.4 |
| Delhi | 5.9 | 5.7 | 7.4 |
| Chandigarh | 5.7 | 2.0 | 14.2 |
| Puducherry | 5.4 | 4.2 | 7.9 |
| Punjab | 5.3 | 4.6 | 7.3 |
| Manipur | 5.2 | 3.8 | 6.9 |
| Uttarakhand | 5.1 | 5.4 | 4.7 |
| Telangana | 5.0 | 5.1 | 4.8 |
| Jammu & Kashmir | 4.9 | 3.9 | 6.5 |
| Meghalaya | 4.8 | 3.2 | 6.6 |
| Haryana | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.0 |
| Himachal Pradesh | 4.5 | 5.0 | 4.0 |
| Kerala | 4.4 | 3.1 | 6.4 |
| Rajasthan | 4.3 | 4.2 | 4.6 |
| Andhra Pradesh | 4.2 | 4.3 | 4.0 |
| Ladakh | 4.0 | 4.3 | 3.7 |
| Bihar | 3.8 | 4.0 | 3.0 |
| Assam | 3.7 | 3.4 | 4.3 |
| Tamil Nadu | 3.4 | 3.2 | 3.6 |
| Sikkim | 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.4 |
| Odisha | 2.9 | 3.3 | 2.4 |
| West Bengal | 2.8 | 2.7 | 3.1 |
| Uttar Pradesh | 2.7 | 2.9 | 2.1 |
| Jharkhand | 2.7 | 3.2 | 1.7 |
| Tripura | 2.7 | 1.4 | 4.8 |
| Maharashtra | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.1 |
| Mizoram | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.1 |
| Chhattisgarh | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.2 |
| Karnataka | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.3 |
| Daman & Diu | 1.6 | 1.9 | 0.7 |
| Madhya Pradesh | 1.5 | 1.7 | 1.1 |
| Gujarat | 0.9 | 1.1 | 0.7 |
Table 4.7: LFPR by State (PS+SS, Rural, 15+, 2024-25)
| state_name | Person_LFPR | Male_LFPR | Female_LFPR |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sikkim | 81.2 | 84.2 | 77.3 |
| Nagaland | 75.8 | 82.2 | 69.8 |
| Chhattisgarh | 75.7 | 84.4 | 67.0 |
| Meghalaya | 75.4 | 82.9 | 67.8 |
| Himachal Pradesh | 75.4 | 83.5 | 68.1 |
| Daman & Diu | 75.1 | 87.1 | 59.5 |
| Arunachal Pradesh | 73.6 | 81.4 | 65.5 |
| Gujarat | 71.0 | 85.4 | 56.3 |
| Madhya Pradesh | 70.7 | 85.9 | 55.3 |
| Rajasthan | 69.2 | 78.1 | 60.7 |
| Tamil Nadu | 68.7 | 80.6 | 57.9 |
| Jammu & Kashmir | 68.0 | 77.3 | 58.4 |
| Andaman & Nicobar Islands | 67.4 | 85.5 | 51.0 |
| Ladakh | 67.2 | 70.4 | 63.9 |
| Telangana | 66.5 | 77.7 | 56.0 |
| Maharashtra | 66.0 | 80.6 | 51.3 |
| Odisha | 65.7 | 81.9 | 51.2 |
| Andhra Pradesh | 65.2 | 80.4 | 51.1 |
| Tripura | 64.6 | 79.9 | 50.2 |
| Manipur | 64.4 | 76.1 | 53.2 |
| Jharkhand | 63.6 | 78.4 | 50.0 |
| Karnataka | 63.5 | 81.8 | 45.9 |
| Assam | 63.3 | 82.3 | 44.9 |
| West Bengal | 62.2 | 84.3 | 41.7 |
| Kerala | 60.0 | 77.3 | 44.9 |
| Lakshadweep | 59.6 | 86.4 | 29.4 |
| Uttarakhand | 58.7 | 75.3 | 43.2 |
| Puducherry | 58.1 | 72.7 | 44.9 |
| Uttar Pradesh | 57.7 | 79.7 | 37.1 |
| Mizoram | 56.7 | 70.9 | 39.3 |
| Punjab | 56.4 | 78.8 | 33.8 |
| Haryana | 51.0 | 74.1 | 26.5 |
| Bihar | 50.2 | 76.4 | 26.1 |
| Goa | 49.8 | 71.3 | 27.0 |
| Delhi | 42.2 | 68.7 | 10.6 |
Table 4.8: WPR by State (PS+SS, Rural, 15+, 2024-25)
| state_name | Person_WPR | Male_WPR | Female_WPR |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sikkim | 78.9 | 81.8 | 75.3 |
| Daman & Diu | 74.8 | 86.6 | 59.3 |
| Chhattisgarh | 74.3 | 82.8 | 65.9 |
| Nagaland | 72.6 | 79.9 | 65.6 |
| Himachal Pradesh | 72.5 | 79.5 | 66.3 |
| Meghalaya | 72.4 | 80.7 | 64.1 |
| Gujarat | 70.5 | 84.6 | 56.1 |
| Arunachal Pradesh | 70.0 | 78.0 | 61.7 |
| Madhya Pradesh | 70.0 | 84.8 | 55.1 |
| Rajasthan | 67.4 | 76.2 | 59.1 |
| Tamil Nadu | 66.9 | 78.3 | 56.6 |
| Jammu & Kashmir | 65.4 | 74.7 | 55.9 |
| Maharashtra | 65.0 | 79.1 | 50.6 |
| Ladakh | 64.8 | 67.5 | 62.0 |
| Telangana | 63.9 | 74.2 | 54.2 |
| Odisha | 63.9 | 79.4 | 50.1 |
| Tripura | 63.1 | 79.2 | 47.8 |
| Andhra Pradesh | 63.0 | 77.4 | 49.7 |
| Jharkhand | 62.6 | 76.7 | 49.6 |
| Karnataka | 62.2 | 80.1 | 45.1 |
| Andaman & Nicobar Islands | 61.7 | 80.4 | 44.8 |
| Manipur | 61.3 | 73.8 | 49.4 |
| Assam | 61.2 | 79.7 | 43.2 |
| West Bengal | 60.7 | 82.3 | 40.7 |
| Kerala | 57.3 | 74.8 | 42.1 |
| Uttar Pradesh | 56.4 | 77.6 | 36.6 |
| Uttarakhand | 56.2 | 71.8 | 41.8 |
| Mizoram | 56.0 | 69.6 | 39.3 |
| Lakshadweep | 55.9 | 82.8 | 25.6 |
| Puducherry | 54.8 | 69.3 | 41.7 |
| Punjab | 53.2 | 75.0 | 31.2 |
| Haryana | 49.2 | 71.3 | 25.8 |
| Bihar | 48.6 | 73.9 | 25.6 |
| Goa | 43.8 | 62.7 | 23.9 |
| Delhi | 40.9 | 66.6 | 10.3 |
Table 4.9: UR by State (PS+SS, Rural, 15+, 2024-25)
| state_name | Person_UR | Male_UR | Female_UR |
|---|---|---|---|
| Goa | 11.9 | 12.1 | 11.4 |
| Andaman & Nicobar Islands | 8.4 | 6.0 | 12.1 |
| Lakshadweep | 6.2 | 4.1 | 12.8 |
| Puducherry | 5.7 | 4.6 | 7.1 |
| Punjab | 5.6 | 4.8 | 7.4 |
| Arunachal Pradesh | 4.9 | 4.1 | 5.8 |
| Manipur | 4.8 | 3.1 | 7.1 |
| Kerala | 4.4 | 3.2 | 6.2 |
| Nagaland | 4.3 | 2.8 | 6.0 |
| Uttarakhand | 4.2 | 4.7 | 3.4 |
| Meghalaya | 3.9 | 2.7 | 5.4 |
| Telangana | 3.9 | 4.4 | 3.3 |
| Jammu & Kashmir | 3.8 | 3.3 | 4.4 |
| Himachal Pradesh | 3.8 | 4.8 | 2.8 |
| Ladakh | 3.6 | 4.1 | 3.0 |
| Haryana | 3.5 | 3.8 | 2.7 |
| Andhra Pradesh | 3.4 | 3.7 | 2.8 |
| Assam | 3.3 | 3.2 | 3.6 |
| Delhi | 3.1 | 3.0 | 3.3 |
| Bihar | 3.0 | 3.3 | 2.1 |
| Sikkim | 2.7 | 2.9 | 2.6 |
| Odisha | 2.6 | 3.1 | 2.0 |
| Tamil Nadu | 2.6 | 2.9 | 2.2 |
| Rajasthan | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.6 |
| Tripura | 2.4 | 0.9 | 4.8 |
| West Bengal | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.4 |
| Uttar Pradesh | 2.2 | 2.6 | 1.5 |
| Karnataka | 2.0 | 2.1 | 1.8 |
| Chhattisgarh | 1.8 | 1.9 | 1.6 |
| Maharashtra | 1.6 | 1.8 | 1.3 |
| Jharkhand | 1.6 | 2.1 | 0.8 |
| Mizoram | 1.2 | 1.8 | 0.0 |
| Madhya Pradesh | 0.9 | 1.3 | 0.4 |
| Gujarat | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.4 |
| Daman & Diu | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.4 |
Table 4.10: LFPR by State (PS+SS, Urban, 15+, 2024-25)
| state_name | Person_LFPR | Male_LFPR | Female_LFPR |
|---|---|---|---|
| Andaman & Nicobar Islands | 67.0 | 82.2 | 49.2 |
| Nagaland | 63.8 | 74.6 | 52.1 |
| Daman & Diu | 61.6 | 84.4 | 27.5 |
| Arunachal Pradesh | 61.3 | 77.0 | 43.9 |
| Manipur | 59.9 | 69.1 | 51.4 |
| Himachal Pradesh | 59.7 | 76.7 | 40.9 |
| Ladakh | 59.5 | 74.2 | 41.6 |
| Meghalaya | 59.0 | 69.7 | 50.2 |
| Sikkim | 57.7 | 73.1 | 41.4 |
| Gujarat | 57.1 | 80.7 | 31.7 |
| Chandigarh | 56.1 | 74.8 | 35.6 |
| Chhattisgarh | 55.9 | 79.9 | 32.5 |
| Tamil Nadu | 55.6 | 76.0 | 35.9 |
| Kerala | 54.6 | 74.3 | 37.4 |
| Telangana | 54.1 | 76.3 | 32.5 |
| Jammu & Kashmir | 53.9 | 72.7 | 32.7 |
| Karnataka | 53.6 | 76.1 | 31.0 |
| Punjab | 53.6 | 79.7 | 24.9 |
| West Bengal | 53.5 | 78.5 | 29.3 |
| Andhra Pradesh | 53.1 | 74.4 | 33.2 |
| Rajasthan | 53.1 | 74.4 | 30.3 |
| Assam | 52.9 | 78.1 | 29.2 |
| Maharashtra | 52.4 | 76.0 | 27.5 |
| Goa | 52.0 | 74.6 | 27.6 |
| Odisha | 51.8 | 74.8 | 29.1 |
| Madhya Pradesh | 51.8 | 78.1 | 24.5 |
| Uttarakhand | 51.6 | 76.0 | 26.9 |
| Tripura | 51.3 | 74.7 | 29.9 |
| Mizoram | 51.1 | 64.5 | 36.7 |
| Haryana | 49.6 | 76.0 | 20.3 |
| Puducherry | 48.8 | 72.8 | 26.6 |
| Uttar Pradesh | 46.9 | 76.6 | 16.0 |
| Jharkhand | 45.5 | 71.9 | 18.7 |
| Delhi | 44.2 | 71.5 | 13.2 |
| Lakshadweep | 43.3 | 73.3 | 20.5 |
| Bihar | 42.9 | 70.0 | 13.9 |
Table 4.11: WPR by State (PS+SS, Urban, 15+, 2024-25)
| state_name | Person_WPR | Male_WPR | Female_WPR |
|---|---|---|---|
| Daman & Diu | 60.3 | 82.4 | 27.2 |
| Andaman & Nicobar Islands | 59.0 | 76.8 | 38.0 |
| Gujarat | 56.3 | 79.6 | 31.3 |
| Manipur | 56.2 | 65.0 | 48.0 |
| Nagaland | 55.6 | 66.4 | 43.9 |
| Ladakh | 55.2 | 70.0 | 37.2 |
| Sikkim | 54.9 | 70.3 | 38.6 |
| Himachal Pradesh | 53.6 | 71.7 | 33.4 |
| Meghalaya | 53.3 | 65.2 | 43.5 |
| Tamil Nadu | 53.1 | 73.2 | 33.7 |
| Chhattisgarh | 53.0 | 76.3 | 30.3 |
| Chandigarh | 52.9 | 73.2 | 30.6 |
| Kerala | 52.3 | 72.2 | 34.8 |
| Karnataka | 52.0 | 74.1 | 29.9 |
| Arunachal Pradesh | 51.7 | 66.1 | 35.8 |
| West Bengal | 51.4 | 75.8 | 27.8 |
| Punjab | 51.0 | 76.3 | 23.1 |
| Maharashtra | 50.6 | 73.5 | 26.5 |
| Telangana | 50.4 | 71.7 | 29.7 |
| Madhya Pradesh | 50.1 | 75.8 | 23.3 |
| Andhra Pradesh | 49.8 | 70.4 | 30.7 |
| Assam | 49.5 | 74.3 | 26.2 |
| Odisha | 49.4 | 71.6 | 27.5 |
| Tripura | 49.3 | 72.0 | 28.5 |
| Mizoram | 49.2 | 62.3 | 35.2 |
| Goa | 48.9 | 69.7 | 26.3 |
| Jammu & Kashmir | 48.3 | 68.3 | 25.8 |
| Uttarakhand | 47.9 | 70.9 | 24.6 |
| Rajasthan | 47.7 | 68.2 | 25.9 |
| Haryana | 46.7 | 71.8 | 19.0 |
| Puducherry | 46.3 | 69.9 | 24.4 |
| Uttar Pradesh | 44.8 | 73.6 | 14.9 |
| Delhi | 41.6 | 67.4 | 12.2 |
| Jharkhand | 41.6 | 66.4 | 16.5 |
| Lakshadweep | 40.3 | 68.9 | 18.5 |
| Bihar | 38.5 | 63.6 | 11.6 |
Table 4.12: UR by State (PS+SS, Urban, 15+, 2024-25)
| state_name | Person_UR | Male_UR | Female_UR |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arunachal Pradesh | 15.6 | 14.2 | 18.4 |
| Nagaland | 12.8 | 11.0 | 15.7 |
| Andaman & Nicobar Islands | 12.0 | 6.5 | 22.8 |
| Bihar | 10.4 | 9.1 | 16.8 |
| Jammu & Kashmir | 10.3 | 6.0 | 21.2 |
| Himachal Pradesh | 10.3 | 6.5 | 18.3 |
| Rajasthan | 10.1 | 8.4 | 14.6 |
| Meghalaya | 9.6 | 6.5 | 13.2 |
| Jharkhand | 8.5 | 7.7 | 11.8 |
| Ladakh | 7.3 | 5.7 | 10.7 |
| Uttarakhand | 7.2 | 6.7 | 8.6 |
| Lakshadweep | 7.1 | 6.0 | 9.9 |
| Telangana | 6.8 | 6.0 | 8.7 |
| Assam | 6.4 | 4.9 | 10.4 |
| Andhra Pradesh | 6.2 | 5.5 | 7.5 |
| Manipur | 6.2 | 5.9 | 6.6 |
| Goa | 6.1 | 6.6 | 4.8 |
| Delhi | 6.0 | 5.8 | 7.5 |
| Chandigarh | 5.7 | 2.0 | 14.2 |
| Haryana | 5.7 | 5.6 | 6.3 |
| Puducherry | 5.2 | 3.9 | 8.5 |
| Chhattisgarh | 5.2 | 4.5 | 6.7 |
| Sikkim | 4.9 | 3.8 | 6.9 |
| Punjab | 4.9 | 4.2 | 7.1 |
| Odisha | 4.7 | 4.4 | 5.6 |
| Tamil Nadu | 4.4 | 3.7 | 6.0 |
| Uttar Pradesh | 4.4 | 3.9 | 7.1 |
| Kerala | 4.3 | 2.9 | 6.7 |
| Tripura | 3.9 | 3.6 | 4.8 |
| West Bengal | 3.9 | 3.4 | 5.3 |
| Mizoram | 3.6 | 3.3 | 4.2 |
| Maharashtra | 3.5 | 3.4 | 3.8 |
| Madhya Pradesh | 3.4 | 2.9 | 5.0 |
| Karnataka | 2.9 | 2.7 | 3.3 |
| Daman & Diu | 2.2 | 2.5 | 1.1 |
| Gujarat | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.5 |
5. Religion-wise Analysis
Table 5.1: LFPR by Religion × Sex (PS+SS, 15+, 2024-25)
| religion_label | Person_LFPR | Male_LFPR | Female_LFPR |
|---|---|---|---|
| Buddhism | 61.1 | 76.6 | 44.9 |
| Christianity | 62.7 | 76.7 | 49.5 |
| Hinduism | 60.2 | 79.0 | 41.7 |
| Islam | 53.2 | 80.0 | 27.8 |
| Jainism | 51.2 | 78.3 | 24.8 |
| Others | 67.3 | 76.2 | 58.7 |
| Sikhism | 55.9 | 77.3 | 33.7 |
| Zoroastrianism | 49.1 | 63.8 | 36.7 |
Table 5.2: WPR by Religion × Sex (PS+SS, 15+, 2024-25)
| religion_label | Person_WPR | Male_WPR | Female_WPR |
|---|---|---|---|
| Buddhism | 59.1 | 73.3 | 44.2 |
| Christianity | 60.4 | 74.2 | 47.5 |
| Hinduism | 58.3 | 76.6 | 40.5 |
| Islam | 51.4 | 77.5 | 26.8 |
| Jainism | 50.2 | 77.7 | 23.5 |
| Others | 63.8 | 73.3 | 54.6 |
| Sikhism | 53.0 | 73.6 | 31.6 |
| Zoroastrianism | 49.1 | 63.8 | 36.7 |
Table 5.3: UR by Religion × Sex (PS+SS, 15+, 2024-25)
| religion_label | Person_UR | Male_UR | Female_UR |
|---|---|---|---|
| Buddhism | 3.4 | 4.3 | 1.7 |
| Christianity | 3.6 | 3.2 | 4.1 |
| Hinduism | 3.0 | 3.1 | 3.0 |
| Islam | 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.6 |
| Jainism | 1.8 | 0.7 | 5.1 |
| Others | 5.2 | 3.7 | 7.0 |
| Sikhism | 5.1 | 4.7 | 6.1 |
| Zoroastrianism | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
6. Social Group Analysis
Table 6.1: LFPR by Social Group × Sex (PS+SS, 15+, 2024-25)
| social_group_label | Person_LFPR | Male_LFPR | Female_LFPR |
|---|---|---|---|
| OBC | 58.6 | 78.7 | 39.3 |
| Others | 53.9 | 76.9 | 31.0 |
| SC | 61.3 | 80.5 | 42.8 |
| ST | 73.1 | 83.8 | 62.6 |
Table 6.2: WPR by Social Group × Sex (PS+SS, 15+, 2024-25)
| social_group_label | Person_WPR | Male_WPR | Female_WPR |
|---|---|---|---|
| OBC | 56.9 | 76.4 | 38.2 |
| Others | 51.9 | 74.4 | 29.6 |
| SC | 59.3 | 77.7 | 41.5 |
| ST | 71.6 | 81.8 | 61.5 |
Table 6.3: UR by Social Group × Sex (PS+SS, 15+, 2024-25)
| social_group_label | Person_UR | Male_UR | Female_UR |
|---|---|---|---|
| OBC | 3.0 | 3.0 | 2.9 |
| Others | 3.7 | 3.3 | 4.7 |
| SC | 3.3 | 3.5 | 2.8 |
| ST | 2.1 | 2.5 | 1.7 |
7. Age-wise Analysis
Table 7.1: LFPR by Age Group × Sex (PS+SS, 15+, 2024-25)
| age_group | Person_LFPR | Male_LFPR | Female_LFPR |
|---|---|---|---|
| 15-29 | 46.0 | 64.0 | 27.5 |
| 30-44 | 75.9 | 98.6 | 54.8 |
| 45-59 | 73.8 | 95.7 | 52.5 |
| 60+ | 37.2 | 53.8 | 21.4 |
Table 7.2: WPR by Age Group × Sex (PS+SS, 15+, 2024-25)
| age_group | Person_WPR | Male_WPR | Female_WPR |
|---|---|---|---|
| 15-29 | 41.4 | 58.0 | 24.4 |
| 30-44 | 75.0 | 97.5 | 54.2 |
| 45-59 | 73.7 | 95.4 | 52.5 |
| 60+ | 37.1 | 53.7 | 21.4 |
Table 7.3: UR by Age Group × Sex (PS+SS, 15+, 2024-25)
| age_group | Person_UR | Male_UR | Female_UR |
|---|---|---|---|
| 15-29 | 9.9 | 9.3 | 11.3 |
| 30-44 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.2 |
| 45-59 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.1 |
| 60+ | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
8. CWS Analysis
Table 8.1: CWS LFPR by Sex × Sector (15+, 2024-25)
| sector_label | Person_LFPR | Male_LFPR | Female_LFPR |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rural | 58.1 | 78.9 | 38.3 |
| Urban | 50.8 | 75.3 | 25.9 |
2025 CWS values in this table are sourced from official MoSPI annual-release/API benchmarks because the revamped 2025 rotational-panel estimation is not fully recoverable from first-visit microdata alone.
Table 8.2: CWS WPR by Sex × Sector (15+, 2024-25)
| sector_label | Person_WPR | Male_WPR | Female_WPR |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rural | 55.4 | 75.0 | 36.8 |
| Urban | 47.4 | 70.7 | 23.6 |
2025 CWS values in this table are sourced from official MoSPI annual-release/API benchmarks because the revamped 2025 rotational-panel estimation is not fully recoverable from first-visit microdata alone.
Table 8.3: CWS UR by Sex × Sector (15+, 2024-25)
| sector_label | Person_UR | Male_UR | Female_UR |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rural | 4.6 | 4.9 | 4.0 |
| Urban | 6.8 | 6.1 | 8.9 |
2025 CWS values in this table are sourced from official MoSPI annual-release/API benchmarks because the revamped 2025 rotational-panel estimation is not fully recoverable from first-visit microdata alone.
Table 8.4: PS+SS vs CWS Full Comparison (15+, 2024-25)
| Sector | PS+SS_Person_LFPR | CWS_Person_LFPR | PS+SS_Male_LFPR | CWS_Male_LFPR | PS+SS_Female_LFPR | CWS_Female_LFPR | PS+SS_Person_WPR | CWS_Person_WPR | PS+SS_Male_WPR | CWS_Male_WPR | PS+SS_Female_WPR | CWS_Female_WPR | PS+SS_Person_UR | CWS_Person_UR | PS+SS_Male_UR | CWS_Male_UR | PS+SS_Female_UR | CWS_Female_UR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Combined | 59.3 | 55.7 | 79.1 | 77.7 | 40.0 | 34.3 | 57.4 | 52.8 | 76.6 | 73.6 | 38.8 | 32.5 | 3.1 | 5.3 | 3.1 | 5.3 | 3.1 | 5.2 |
| Rural | 62.8 | 58.1 | 80.5 | 78.9 | 45.9 | 38.3 | 61.2 | 55.4 | 78.4 | 75.0 | 44.9 | 36.8 | 2.4 | 4.6 | 2.6 | 4.9 | 2.1 | 4.0 |
| Urban | 52.2 | 50.8 | 76.2 | 75.3 | 27.7 | 25.9 | 49.7 | 47.4 | 73.0 | 70.7 | 25.9 | 23.6 | 4.8 | 6.8 | 4.2 | 6.1 | 6.4 | 8.9 |
2025 CWS values in this table are sourced from official MoSPI annual-release/API benchmarks because the revamped 2025 rotational-panel estimation is not fully recoverable from first-visit microdata alone.
9. Multi-dimensional Analysis
Table 9.1: LFPR by Education × Sex × Sector (PS+SS, 15+, 2024-25)
| education_label | sector_label | Person_LFPR | Male_LFPR | Female_LFPR | Person_WPR | Male_WPR | Female_WPR | Person_UR | Male_UR | Female_UR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Below primary | Rural | 72.7 | 87.0 | 59.5 | 72.6 | 86.7 | 59.4 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 |
| Below primary | Urban | 55.8 | 82.2 | 33.1 | 55.3 | 81.1 | 33.1 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 0.1 |
| Higher secondary | Rural | 54.2 | 72.3 | 31.8 | 51.7 | 69.0 | 30.4 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 |
| Higher secondary | Urban | 42.0 | 63.7 | 17.7 | 39.9 | 60.7 | 16.6 | 4.9 | 4.6 | 6.1 |
| Diploma/Certificate | Rural | 81.4 | 90.1 | 55.7 | 75.3 | 84.2 | 49.3 | 7.5 | 6.6 | 11.5 |
| Diploma/Certificate | Urban | 75.4 | 85.9 | 48.0 | 70.8 | 81.1 | 43.9 | 6.1 | 5.6 | 8.5 |
| Literate w/o formal (EGS) | Rural | 61.8 | 82.9 | 44.2 | 61.7 | 82.7 | 44.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.0 |
| Literate w/o formal (EGS) | Urban | 51.0 | 82.8 | 32.1 | 50.5 | 81.5 | 32.1 | 0.9 | 1.5 | 0.0 |
| Literate w/o formal (Others) | Rural | 73.9 | 79.6 | 68.5 | 72.5 | 76.7 | 68.5 | 1.9 | 3.7 | 0.0 |
| Literate w/o formal (Others) | Urban | 40.1 | 63.8 | 30.4 | 40.1 | 63.8 | 30.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Literate w/o formal (TLC) | Rural | 59.9 | 80.1 | 28.3 | 59.9 | 80.1 | 28.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Literate w/o formal (TLC) | Urban | 6.1 | 3.2 | 10.8 | 6.1 | 3.2 | 10.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Middle | Rural | 63.9 | 81.3 | 42.4 | 62.9 | 79.8 | 42.2 | 1.5 | 1.8 | 0.5 |
| Middle | Urban | 52.7 | 77.8 | 24.0 | 51.5 | 76.0 | 23.5 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.0 |
| Not literate | Rural | 60.3 | 78.9 | 51.3 | 60.2 | 78.6 | 51.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.1 |
| Not literate | Urban | 43.1 | 75.7 | 28.4 | 42.8 | 75.0 | 28.2 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.5 |
| Graduate | Rural | 70.5 | 90.6 | 42.7 | 62.2 | 82.1 | 34.5 | 11.8 | 9.3 | 19.2 |
| Graduate | Urban | 62.6 | 83.8 | 36.4 | 56.0 | 76.4 | 30.7 | 10.6 | 8.8 | 15.7 |
| Primary | Rural | 71.4 | 89.6 | 53.0 | 71.0 | 88.8 | 52.9 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.2 |
| Primary | Urban | 56.3 | 85.4 | 28.6 | 55.7 | 84.4 | 28.4 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 0.9 |
| Secondary | Rural | 53.6 | 70.1 | 33.0 | 52.7 | 68.7 | 32.7 | 1.8 | 2.0 | 1.1 |
| Secondary | Urban | 43.5 | 65.3 | 17.4 | 42.3 | 63.5 | 17.0 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 2.5 |
| Postgraduate & above | Rural | 77.6 | 92.8 | 58.6 | 68.8 | 87.0 | 46.0 | 11.3 | 6.3 | 21.4 |
| Postgraduate & above | Urban | 67.0 | 86.1 | 48.3 | 60.9 | 80.8 | 41.4 | 9.2 | 6.2 | 14.2 |
Table 9.2: State Rankings: Top 10 & Bottom 10 by LFPR (PS+SS, 15+, 2024-25)
| Rank | state_name | Person_LFPR | Male_LFPR | Female_LFPR | Person_WPR | Male_WPR | Female_WPR | Person_UR | Male_UR | Female_UR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Sikkim | 74.7 | 81.3 | 66.7 | 72.3 | 78.8 | 64.5 | 3.2 | 3.1 | 3.4 |
| 2 | Himachal Pradesh | 73.2 | 82.5 | 64.7 | 69.9 | 78.3 | 62.2 | 4.5 | 5.0 | 4.0 |
| 3 | Meghalaya | 72.3 | 80.6 | 64.3 | 68.9 | 78.0 | 60.0 | 4.8 | 3.2 | 6.6 |
| 4 | Nagaland | 72.1 | 79.7 | 64.5 | 67.3 | 75.5 | 59.1 | 6.7 | 5.3 | 8.4 |
| 5 | Chhattisgarh | 71.6 | 83.5 | 59.8 | 70.0 | 81.5 | 58.5 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.2 |
| 6 | Arunachal Pradesh | 71.3 | 80.5 | 61.7 | 66.6 | 75.7 | 57.1 | 6.6 | 6.0 | 7.4 |
| 7 | Andaman & Nicobar Islands | 67.2 | 84.0 | 50.3 | 60.5 | 78.7 | 42.0 | 10.0 | 6.2 | 16.4 |
| 8 | Ladakh | 66.2 | 70.9 | 61.0 | 63.5 | 67.9 | 58.8 | 4.0 | 4.3 | 3.7 |
| 9 | Daman & Diu | 66.0 | 85.3 | 38.3 | 64.9 | 83.7 | 38.1 | 1.6 | 1.9 | 0.7 |
| 10 | Gujarat | 65.2 | 83.4 | 46.2 | 64.6 | 82.5 | 45.9 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 0.7 |
| 27 | Chandigarh | 56.1 | 74.8 | 35.6 | 52.9 | 73.2 | 30.6 | 5.7 | 2.0 | 14.2 |
| 28 | Punjab | 55.2 | 79.2 | 30.2 | 52.3 | 75.6 | 28.0 | 5.3 | 4.6 | 7.3 |
| 29 | Uttar Pradesh | 55.2 | 78.9 | 32.4 | 53.7 | 76.6 | 31.7 | 2.7 | 2.9 | 2.1 |
| 30 | Mizoram | 53.9 | 67.8 | 38.0 | 52.6 | 66.1 | 37.2 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 2.1 |
| 31 | Puducherry | 51.8 | 72.7 | 32.7 | 49.0 | 69.7 | 30.1 | 5.4 | 4.2 | 7.9 |
| 32 | Goa | 51.2 | 73.4 | 27.4 | 46.9 | 67.1 | 25.4 | 8.3 | 8.6 | 7.3 |
| 33 | Haryana | 50.4 | 75.0 | 23.8 | 48.1 | 71.5 | 22.8 | 4.5 | 4.6 | 4.0 |
| 34 | Bihar | 49.3 | 75.6 | 24.8 | 47.4 | 72.6 | 24.0 | 3.8 | 4.0 | 3.0 |
| 35 | Lakshadweep | 46.3 | 76.1 | 21.9 | 43.1 | 71.9 | 19.6 | 6.9 | 5.6 | 10.5 |
| 36 | Delhi | 44.2 | 71.5 | 13.1 | 41.6 | 67.4 | 12.2 | 5.9 | 5.7 | 7.4 |
Table 9.3: LFPR/WPR/UR by Religion × Social Group (PS+SS, 15+, 2024-25)
| religion_label | social_group_label | LFPR | WPR | UR |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Buddhism | OBC | 86.1 | 85.0 | 1.3 |
| Buddhism | Others | 68.4 | 62.2 | 9.1 |
| Buddhism | SC | 59.2 | 57.4 | 3.1 |
| Buddhism | ST | 69.3 | 66.6 | 3.9 |
| Christianity | OBC | 60.0 | 58.1 | 3.1 |
| Christianity | Others | 56.3 | 54.1 | 3.8 |
| Christianity | SC | 61.7 | 59.6 | 3.3 |
| Christianity | ST | 68.8 | 66.3 | 3.7 |
| Hinduism | OBC | 60.0 | 58.3 | 2.9 |
| Hinduism | Others | 53.7 | 51.6 | 3.8 |
| Hinduism | SC | 61.4 | 59.4 | 3.2 |
| Hinduism | ST | 73.8 | 72.4 | 1.9 |
| Islam | OBC | 51.4 | 49.7 | 3.3 |
| Islam | Others | 55.3 | 53.5 | 3.2 |
| Islam | SC | 68.7 | 68.7 | 0.0 |
| Islam | ST | 67.8 | 66.4 | 2.1 |
| Jainism | OBC | 56.3 | 56.0 | 0.4 |
| Jainism | Others | 50.3 | 49.3 | 2.0 |
| Jainism | SC | 62.4 | 58.4 | 6.4 |
| Jainism | ST | 100.0 | 100.0 | 0.0 |
| Others | OBC | 68.6 | 67.0 | 2.4 |
| Others | Others | 54.3 | 47.5 | 12.6 |
| Others | SC | 73.8 | 71.3 | 3.3 |
| Others | ST | 70.4 | 67.4 | 4.1 |
| Sikhism | OBC | 57.1 | 54.1 | 5.2 |
| Sikhism | Others | 50.6 | 48.0 | 5.2 |
| Sikhism | SC | 60.8 | 57.7 | 5.1 |
| Sikhism | ST | 31.7 | 30.7 | 2.9 |
| Zoroastrianism | Others | 48.7 | 48.7 | 0.0 |
| Zoroastrianism | SC | 57.1 | 57.1 | 0.0 |
Table 9.4: Youth vs Overall Comparison (PS+SS, 2024-25)
| Category | Person_LFPR | Male_LFPR | Female_LFPR | Person_WPR | Male_WPR | Female_WPR | Person_UR | Male_UR | Female_UR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Youth (15-29) | 46.0 | 64.0 | 27.5 | 41.4 | 58.0 | 24.4 | 9.9 | 9.3 | 11.3 |
| Overall (15+) | 59.3 | 79.1 | 40.0 | 57.4 | 76.6 | 38.8 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.1 |
Table 9.5: Employment Type Distribution by Sex (PS+SS, 15+, 2024-25)
| emp_type | Female | Male |
|---|---|---|
| Casual labour | 17.6 | 21.6 |
| Regular wage/salaried | 18.2 | 26.5 |
| Self-employed | 64.2 | 52.0 |
Table 9.6: Education × Status Comparison (PS+SS only, 15+, 2024-25)
| Status | education_label | LFPR | WPR | UR |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PS+SS | Below primary | 68.5 | 68.2 | 0.4 |
| PS+SS | Higher secondary | 49.5 | 47.2 | 4.7 |
| PS+SS | Diploma/Certificate | 78.6 | 73.2 | 6.9 |
| PS+SS | Literate w/o formal (EGS) | 58.9 | 58.7 | 0.3 |
| PS+SS | Literate w/o formal (Others) | 62.6 | 61.6 | 1.5 |
| PS+SS | Literate w/o formal (TLC) | 44.7 | 44.7 | 0.0 |
| PS+SS | Middle | 60.6 | 59.6 | 1.6 |
| PS+SS | Not literate | 57.2 | 57.0 | 0.3 |
| PS+SS | Graduate | 66.2 | 58.8 | 11.2 |
| PS+SS | Primary | 67.1 | 66.6 | 0.7 |
| PS+SS | Secondary | 49.9 | 48.9 | 2.1 |
| PS+SS | Postgraduate & above | 70.7 | 63.6 | 10.0 |
2025 CWS values in this table are sourced from official MoSPI annual-release/API benchmarks because the revamped 2025 rotational-panel estimation is not fully recoverable from first-visit microdata alone. Education-level CWS rows are omitted until the revised annual-estimation procedure is reproducible from unit-level data.
10. Methodology
Survey Overview
The Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) is conducted by the National Statistical Office (NSO), Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI), Government of India. It is an annual survey providing estimates of labour force indicators at the national and state levels. This report covers the annual round(s) 2024-25.
Indicator Definitions
- LFPR (Labour Force Participation Rate) = (Employed + Unemployed) / Population × 100
- WPR (Worker Population Ratio) = Employed / Population × 100
- UR (Unemployment Rate) = Unemployed / (Employed + Unemployed) × 100
Activity Status Classification
| Code Range | Category | Sub-category |
|---|---|---|
| 11–21 | Employed | Self-employed |
| 31 | Employed | Regular wage/salaried |
| 41–51 | Employed | Casual labour |
| 81–82 | Unemployed | Seeking/available for work |
| 91–98 | Not in Labour Force | Domestic duties, education, etc. |
PS+SS (Usual Principal + Subsidiary Status)
- If Principal Status (PS) code is 11–51 → Employed
- Else if Subsidiary Status (SS) code is 11–51 → Employed
- If PS code is 81–82 and not employed → Unemployed
- Else if SS code is 81–82 and not employed → Unemployed
- Otherwise → Not in Labour Force
CWS (Current Weekly Status)
Uses the current weekly activity status code directly with the same classification scheme for rounds where the annual estimate is reproducible from the available unit-level files.
Important 2025 CWS note: annual 2025 CWS estimates are not taken from direct first-visit microdata aggregation. From January 2025 PLFS moved to a revised rotational-panel design and estimation procedure; where official 2025 CWS benchmarks are available, this report uses those official values and suppresses unsupported direct disaggregations.
Weighting Scheme
For legacy annual rounds, Weight = Multiplier / (100 × no_qtr), where no_qtr is the number of quarters in which the stratum appears. For the 2025 calendar-year round, the report normalizes weights as Multiplier / 100 in line with the revised design documentation.
Age Filter
All standard labour force indicators are computed for persons aged 15 years and above.
Data Sources
Unit-level microdata from validated official extracts for the selected PLFS round(s), with variable metadata sourced from the NADA catalogue and original PLFS documentation.
The report is built from validated official microdata for 2024-25. Available integrity checks: column_count, column_names, first_5_rows, row_count, sex_distribution, state_count, weight_sum. Overall validation status: PASS.
11. Validation: Microdata vs Official API
Comparisons: 53 | Within ±0.5 pp: 53 (100.0%) | Mean deviation: 0.00 pp | Max deviation: 0.00 pp